漢塔病毒肺綜合症（HPS）

什麼是漢塔病毒肺綜合徵（HPS）？

HPS disease is a rare but serious illness of the lungs caused by a family of viruses known as hantaviruses. Hantaviruses are spread mainly to humans by rodents. Andes virus is the only hantavirus known to spread from person to person.

In 1993, the first cases of HPS in the United States were diagnosed in the southwestern part of the country. While most cases are still reported from the southwestern part of the United States, isolated cases of HPS have been diagnosed in other parts of the country and several different types of hantaviruses have been identified.

誰可以獲得 HPS？

People who have exposure to wild rodents or areas infested with rodents are at the highest risk of getting HPS. The hantavirus is carried by infected rodents, primarily deer mice in the southwest, cotton and rice rats in the south, and the white-footed mouse in the northeastern coastal area. HPS is rarely reported in Virginia and 94% of hantavirus infections occur west of the Mississippi River.

HPS 是如何傳播的？

The main way that the HPS virus spreads to humans is by breathing air contaminated with rodent urine, droppings, or saliva. It can also be transmitted by touching your nose or mouth after handling contaminated materials. There are rare reports of rodent bites transmitting hantavirus. There is no evidence that cats, dogs, farm animals, or insects transmit the disease to humans. The hantaviruses that are found throughout the United States are not known to spread between people.

Andes virus is a type of hantavirus found in some countries in South America. It is the only hantavirus that has been shown to also spread from person to person. This spread is usually limited to people who have close contact with someone who is sick. This includes direct physical contact, prolonged time spent in close or enclosed spaces, and exposure to the sick person's body fluids. 

HPS 的症狀是什麼？

The initial symptoms are similar to influenza and include fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. Other common symptoms that may occur are headache, dizziness, chills, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Later symptoms of HPS are coughing and shortness of breath caused by fluid buildup in the lungs. These breathing problems start 4–10 days after the first symptoms and can progress to respiratory failure and sometimes death.

暴露後多久會出現症狀？

HPS 的症狀可能會在接觸受感染的鼠類動物的新鮮尿液、糞便或口水後一至八週開始。

如何診斷 HPS？

Diagnosing HPS in a person who has only been infected for a few days is difficult because early symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza and other similar illnesses. If the person is experiencing fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath, and has a history of potential rodent exposure, it would be strongly suggestive of HPS. A person with these symptoms should see a doctor immediately and mention the potential rodent exposure so that appropriate testing can be performed and medical care can be provided.

HPS 的治療方法是什麼？

At the present time, there is no specific treatment for HPS. Patients with HPS require hospitalization for intensive care and often require intubation and a ventilator to help them breathe. Early medical care at a facility with an intensive care unit can improve survival.

如何預防 HPS？

保持家居清潔，以阻止鼠患者。立即洗碗碟，清潔櫃檯和地板，晚上放置寵物食品和水，並將食物和垃圾存放在密封蓋的容器中。通過用密封或鋼羊毛密封所有開口，防止老鼠進入您的房子。請記住，鼠類可以擠出一分錢小的孔。如果老鼠或老鼠在您家中或附近，請務必安全地清潔牠們，並避免接觸他們的尿液、糞便、口水和巢穴材料。

清除死老鼠或清理老鼠出沒過的地方時，請遵循以下預防措施：

  • 戴上橡膠、乳膠、乙烯基或硝基手套。
  • 如果您要進入已關閉的建築物、車庫或地下室，請將其打開至少 30 分鐘，然後在室內花時間。
  • Wet down dusty areas that may be contaminated with rodent droppings or urine before cleaning them up. You can use a commercial disinfectant or prepare a solution of 1 ½ cups bleach to 1 gallon of water. Use a spray bottle to mist the area and gently but thoroughly wet it. A hard spray will stir up more dust.
  • 擦拭碎屑；切勿掃除或吸塵乾燥碎屑，因為它會在空氣中產生灰塵。
  • 死亡的鼠患應噴灑消毒劑，然後放入一個帶有足夠的消毒劑的塑料袋中，以徹底弄濕屍體。
  • When cleanup is complete, seal the bag and place it into a second plastic bag. Then dispose of it by burying, burning, or placing it in an appropriate waste disposal system.
  • Before removing your gloves, wash your gloved hands in disinfectant and then in soap and water.
  • Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water after removing gloves.

控制家外的鼠類：

  • 清除刷子和草地遠離粉底。
  • 將木堆和垃圾桶放在距離地面至少 12 英寸的平台上，並將它們保持距離房子至少 100 英尺。
  • 搬走可以為鼠類提供家園的垃圾。

在戶外露營或睡覺時，請避免打擾或睡在鼠蟲的糞便或洞穴附近。

  • 避免在裸露地上睡覺。如果有的話，請使用墊子或高架嬰兒床。
  • Store foods in rodent-proof containers and promptly discard, bury, or burn all garbage.

To prevent HPS caused by Andes virus from spreading between people:

  • Wash hands frequently.
  • Avoid kissing and sexual contact with someone who might have Andes virus.
  • Maintain distance from someone who may have Andes virus.

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